Quantum Computing Asked by mathwizard on August 20, 2021
Consider an entangled bipartite quantum state $rho in mathcal{M}_d(mathbb{C}) otimes mathcal{M}_{d’}(mathbb{C})$ which is positive under partial transposition, i.e., $rho^Gamma geq 0$. As separability of $rho$ is equivalent to separability of its partial transpose $rho^Gamma$, we know that $rho^Gamma$ is entangled. What are the conditions on $rho$ which will guarantee that the sum $rho + rho^Gamma$ (ignoring trace normalization) is also entangled?
It turns out that the above proposition does not hold for arbitrary PPT entangled states. Easiest counterexamples can be found in $mathcal{M}_2(mathbb{C}) otimes mathcal{M}_{d}(mathbb{C})$, where $rho + rho^Gamma$ is separable for all quantum states $rho in mathcal{M}_2(mathbb{C}) otimes mathcal{M}_d(mathbb{C})$ (see separability in 2xN systems).
In the language of entanglement witnesses, the problem reduces to finding a common witness that detects both $rho$ and $rho^Gamma$. Let $W$ be the entanglement witness detecting $rho$, i.e., $text{Tr} (Wrho) < 0$. Then $W$ is non-decomposable (as $rho$ is PPT) and is of the canonical form $P+Q^Gamma – epsilon mathbb{I}$, where $P, Q geq 0$ are such that $text{range}(P) subseteqtext{ker}(delta)$ and $text{range}(Q) subseteq text{ker}(delta^Gamma)$ for some bipartite edge state $delta$ (these are special states that violate the range criterion for separability in an extreme manner, see edge states) and $0 < epsilon leq text{inf}_{|e,frangle} langle e,f | P+Q^Gamma | e,f rangle$. If $delta$ is such that $text{ker}(delta) cap text{ker}(delta^Gamma)$ is not empty, then we can choose $P=Q$ to be the orthogonal projector on $text{ker}(delta) cap text{ker}(delta^Gamma)$, in which case $W=W^Gamma$ is the common witness. Can we find a class of PPT entangled states for which the previous statement holds? Can optimization of entanglement witnesses be somehow used to ensure this condition?
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