Quantum Computing Asked by Hasan Iqbal on May 2, 2021
I suppose a quantum state with density matrix like the following is not valid.
$$
begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 0 & 0 end{bmatrix}.
$$
Now, let’s say I have a valid density operator representing the state $|psi rangle = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}(|0rangle + |1 rangle)$.
$$
|psi rangle langlepsi | = frac{1}{2}(|0rangle langle 0| + |0rangle langle 1| + |1rangle langle 0| + |1rangle langle 1|) = frac{1}{2} begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 1 & 1 end{bmatrix}.
$$
Now I send this state to depolarizing channel $mathcal{E}$. Because $mathcal{E}$ is linear:
$$
mathcal{E}(|psi rangle langlepsi |) = frac{1}{2}(mathcal{E}(|0rangle langle 0|) + mathcal{E}(|0rangle langle 1|) + mathcal{E}(|1rangle langle 0|) + mathcal{E}(|1rangle langle 1|)).
$$
I’m wondering what the depolarization of $mathcal{E}(|0rangle langle 1|)$ would mean. By definition of depolarizing channel, for noise parameter $p$,
$$
mathcal{E}(rho) = (1 – p)rho + frac{pI}{2}.
$$
But then, what is the meaning of $mathcal{E}(|0rangle langle 1|)$?
Quantum channels are foremost, linear operators. So given a basis for the Hilbert-Schmidt operator space (for example the states ${|0ranglelangle 0|,|0ranglelangle 1|,|1ranglelangle 0|,|1ranglelangle 1|}$ that you've chosen above), where density matrices reside, it acts linearly on the basis elements. Perhaps, the easiest way to see it is to write it in the Kraus form, $$mathcal{E}(X) = sumlimits_{j}^{} K_{j} X K_{j}^{dagger}$$ with $sumlimits_{j}^{} K_{j}^{dagger} K_{j} = mathbb{I}$, where its linear action is more "transparent" (I'm assuming the convex-combination way of writing is what's confusing you here). With this, the action of $mathcal{E}$ on $| 0 rangle langle 1 | $ is $mathcal{E}(| 0 rangle langle 1 | ) = sumlimits_{j}^{} K_{j} | 0 rangle langle 1 | K_{j}^{dagger}$, whatever that's equal to.
There is no "meaning" of $mathcal{E}(|0ranglelangle 1|)$ because $|0ranglelangle 1|$ is not a state; so don't worry about interpreting it.
Correct answer by keisuke.akira on May 2, 2021
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