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$mathcal{L}_{I}^{C C} $ global $U(1)$ invariance

Physics Asked by Johnpiton on July 4, 2021

It is well known that the SM lagrangian has the $U(1)$ symmetry. Considering for the moment the global symmetry $U(1)$, I am having some trouble seeing it in the following terms:

$$mathcal{L}_{I}^{C C}=-frac{g}{sqrt{2}} sum_{ell=e, mu, tau}left(W_{mu}^{+} bar{nu}_{ell L} gamma^{mu} ell_{L}+W_{mu}^{-} bar{ell}_{L} gamma^{mu} nu_{ell L}right)$$

after the transformation I should obtain $mathcal{L}^{‘}=mathcal{L}$:

$$mathcal{L}_{I}^{C C}=-frac{g}{sqrt{2}} sum_{ell=e, mu, tau}left(W_{mu}^{+} bar{nu}_{ell L} e^{i alpha_l}gamma^{mu} ell_{L}e^{-i beta_l}+W_{mu}^{-} bar{ell}_{L} e^{i beta_l}gamma^{mu} nu_{ell L}e^{-i alpha_l}right).$$

This should implies that $alpha_l=beta_l$ which is not true, because we know that lepton are charged and neutrinos no.


In case of interaction lagrangian of QED as far as I know, you can see that it will conserve the electric charge doing:
$$mathcal{L}_{I}^{‘,QED}= – q_e bar{psi}e^{iq_e}{A!!!/}e^{-iq_e}psi=- q_e bar{psi}{A!!!/}psi =mathcal{L}_{I}^{QED}$$

Honestly I have never transformed a gauge boson under a global symmetry, however, the only way in which the previous Lagrangian is invariant, according to a transformation that is connected to the electric charge, is :
$$mathcal{L}_{I}^{‘,C C}=-frac{g}{sqrt{2}} sum_{ell=e, mu, tau}left(W_{mu}^{+} e^{-iq_W}bar{nu}_{ell L} e^{iq_{nu}}gamma^{mu} ell_{L}e^{-iq_{ell}}+W_{mu}^{-}e^{iq_W} bar{ell}_{L} e^{iq_{l}}gamma^{mu} nu_{ell L}e^{-iq_{nu}}right)= mathcal{L}_{I}^{C C}$$
with $q_w=e,q_{ell}=-e,q_{nu}=0$

maybe is correct in this way, but I’m not sure…

One Answer

The cornerstone symmetry associated with the electric charge in the SM is, as your text details, I'm sure, $$ Q=T_3+ frac{Y_w}{2}, $$ where $Y_W$ is the weak hypercharge, and $T_3$ is the z-component of the weak isospin (the SU(2)).

The fields in your currents have eigenvalues $(t_3, y_w)$ under these, $$ W^+: qquad (1, 0)qquad leadsto q= 1 e: qquad (-1/2, -1)qquad leadsto q= -1 nu: qquad (1/2, -1)qquad leadsto q= 0, $$ and reversed for the conjugates.

Plugging these into your expression shows all Q, YW, T₃ balance to 0s.

Can you repeat this check for each and every term of the SM? Your text did it in a hyper efficient way, which you might have missed...


A propos of your comment: I'm a bit confused as to what your "doubt" could possibly be... As demonstrated, the charge of $W^+$ is, indeed, 1, and that's why we label it that way. You added the charges of the term you have written correctly.

If, instead, mysteriously, you were concerned about the local charge Q invariance of your action, not of any relevance to the term you already wrote, you skipped the crucial gauge coupling of your SM-QED action, which I'm sure your text writes down and discusses in painful detail, $$ -ie[ partial_mu A_nu (W_mu^+ W_nu^- -W_nu^+ W_mu^- ) + A_nu(-W_mu^+partial_nu W^-_mu +W_mu^-partial_nu W^+_mu +W_mu^+partial_mu W^-_nu - W_mu^-partial_mu W^+_mu )]. $$ The first term (upstairs) is separately gauge invariant, while the second term is the EM (Q) current coupling involved in the gauge invariance of the W kinetic terms!

Correct answer by Cosmas Zachos on July 4, 2021

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