How is the magnetization $M$ of a material measured?

In a linear material under the influence of an external field $H$, magnetization $M$ is given by
begin{align}
{bf M} = chi {bf H},
end{align}
so that the total field inside the material is ${bf B} = (1+chi){bf H}$.

As I understand, some modern techniques for measuring the magnetization ${bf M}$ of a material rely on the SQUID apparatus, such as in this paper, which in turn rely on the Aharonov-Bohm effect.

I would like to know what other techniques are available for this measurement, specially techniques that rely on simple physical mechanisms.

In particular, I would also like to know what techniques were historically first developed for this task (e.g. what they used before the discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect).