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Explain Quantum Entanglement experiment expected outcomes

Physics Asked by Fraggle on April 29, 2021

I’m looking for some help understanding quantum entanglement experiments and expected vs actual outcomes.

We have pairs of spin entangled particles separated by large distance (so $2$ locations). The spin of these particles is "indefinite" or unknown, Now I decide to start measuring at one location. I place my detector rotated $60^circ$ from the vertical, and I start measuring. After a number of measurements I find that $50text{%}$ of the time I detect the spin aligned with my detector (spin up), and $50text{%}$ of the time anti-aligned (spin down).

So my question is this, is there anything that someone can do at the 2nd location with the other half of the paired particles, that would affect my outcomes (at the first location) such that I do not get a $50/50$ measurement? For instance, before each of my measure measurements, my partner measures the corresponding paired particle with a detector in the vertical direction. How does that or affect my outcomes?

Edit : Alternatively, how do Quantum Mechanics experimental results imply a "spooky action at a distance" and where do the results differ from hidden variable theory, and how to reproduce those? What is up is up for example with this chart?

enter image description here

Source: Quantum Entanglement: Spooky Action at a Distance, Don Lincoln, Fermilab YouTube channel (12 February 2020), 12:48.

2 Answers

is there anything that someone can do at the 2nd location with the other half of the paired particles, that would effect my outcomes (at the first location) such that I do not get a 50/50 measurement.

Yes. He can measure the paired particle at his location, then load that particle into a weapon and propel it toward your laboratory, where it destroys (or recalibrates) your measurement apparatus. But of course he doesn't need quantum mechanics for that. Your question shouldn't be "Is there anything he can do...?", it should be "Is there anything he can do using quantum mechanics that he can't do without using quantum mechanics?". The answer to that one is No.

Answered by WillO on April 29, 2021

is there anything that someone can do at the 2nd location with the other half of the paired particles that would affect my outcomes at the first location?

No. There is no action you can do to the second particle that will affect the measurement results of the first one.

Entanglement is a form of correlation. The only way to observe it is to take measurements on both particles, communicate them (using classical, slower-than-light communications) to a central location (which can be at either site), and look at how the two experiments correlate with each other.

Entanglement is weird ("spooky") because, if you assume that the results of the experiments are produced by any arbitrary Local Hidden Variables model (i.e. each particle has a (classical) "state", and they're not allowed to communicate), then there are some measures of correlation (like e.g. the CHSH measure) for which you can prove strict bounds on the amount of correlation possible, and the quantum mechanical results exceed those bounds.

However, that can only be seen afterwards, once the results have been collected in a single place and compared with each other. Without that step of classical communication, the particles are completely independent.

Answered by Emilio Pisanty on April 29, 2021

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