What causes the multiple instances of the same object (star or planet) that appears on this photo?

The combination of color cast and differing brightness of the "ghost" images is telltale for internal reflections in a coated lens. It's not necessarily a sign of low quality optics or sensor, but it's characteristic of a bright light source in frame on a dark field -- making the reflections (typically 1% or less of the brightness of the main object, with coated lenses) more visible than they'd be with a field closer to the brightness of the primary object.

The random seeming arrangement, along with the inversion of at least one reflection, is due to the convex and concave curvatures of various elements. It's likely, also, that this effect is exacerbated by the presence of a filter in front of the lens (skylight or UV filters don't block much light or change image color noticeably, but they do offer at least two more surfaces to return reflections to the sensor).

Another possibility in this case is that you have multiple out of focus images of star-like objects. When out of focus, the image recorded tends to take the shape of the aperture in the lens or telescope -- with typical camera lenses, this will give a polygon with (almost always) an odd number of sides, but with some lenses, or when the aperture is wide open, you may see a circular or near-circular image, possibly with internal shading (like the brighter images above). You can't depend on the infinity stop in your lens to give correct focus for star images, and auto-focus systems may also fail in a field containing mostly darkness. Careful manual focusing on the brightest object available (Moon, Jupiter, Venus, etc.) is probably the best method of getting sharp point-like images.