Do curves in GIMP have "targeted adjustments" like in Photoshop?

The curves tool in GIMP does not have any adjustment droppers (see the screenshot). However, the levels tool does.

• You can make rough adjustments with the levels tool and switch over to the curves tool by clicking the button labeled "Edit these Settings as Curves".

• If you click on the image, a vertical line will appear in the curves dialog to show the corresponding portion of the curve.

No, because the Curves dialog acts along a single dimension. What you require would have to work along 3 dimensions (ie, pick a point in a volume).

If you want to match colors, see here and here.