If you want to know the names of the dynasties, there are plenty of rhymes you can find to help you memorize the order and solidify your knowledge of them. I found two that I've mostly translated below, and you can google around each one in English or Chinese to get more details on any of them.

I would also recommend trying to see how Chinese people learn about them when they are young. Watch a bunch of classic kids TV shows that talk about culture and try to learn some of the rhymes (like below) that people memorize when they're young. Look up resources for schoolkids that talk about history on streaming sites or comic books that talk about dynasties or wechat subscriptions that showcase illustrated lessons for middle schoolers. China has a really long history so some things are talked about a lot more frequently than others and it's best to maximize your time with whatever kids in China are also maxing out their time on.

My favorite classic is The 80s televised version of the Journey to the West, but the "history" you learn here might be more folklore than political. Still, some of the ancient history in China blends fluidly between "this man founded this city" and "he also moved a mountain with his own hands" just because it's so old, so I still think it can be helpful to know, like Nvwa and some of the more famous legends.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms 三国演义 (Here is a link to the animated show ) would probably be more useful to you. It is translated in English and has tons of TV adaptations for people of all age groups so you can take your pick of how you get to know the stories, but once you learn the names from them you will find people refer to them a lot in pop culture outside of the original. It's a short period of time in history, but it's talked about often.

Alternately, sometimes looking up stories of idioms (成语) will sometimes give you cultural insight for who are the names you should recognize from different eras and looking up resources for teaching people in middle school or high school about this history can also help you learn new vocabulary.

If you just want to memorize the order, though, hopefully the following resources and translations help so you can at least recognize the names and orders easily and move on from there:

Rhyme Three link to source

夏商与西周

Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou

东周分两段

Eastern Zhou is split up into two parts:

春秋和战国

Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States

一统秦两汉

Unification under Qin and Two Hans (Western Han or Former Han and then Eastern Han or Later Han)

三分魏蜀吴

Split into three with the kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu

二晋前后延

After this, dynastic rule extended with the Two Jins (Western Jin and then Eastern Jin)

南北朝并立

The Northern and Southern dynasties were established at the same time

隋唐五代传

Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Five Dynasties Period (Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period)

宋元明清后

After that came the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties

皇朝至此完

Dynastic rule ended here

Cute Song link to source

唐尧虞舜夏商周

Tang Yao Yu Shun, Xia, Shang, Zhou (I usually see the first two as just Yao and Shun without the full name- they are of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period- 三皇五帝 in case you see it later)

春秋战国乱悠悠

The Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period were a chaotic mess

秦汉三国晋统一

We were unified under Qin, Han, The Three Kingdoms, and Jin

南朝北朝是对头

The Northern and Southern Dynasties were opponents

隋唐五代又十国

Then there were the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, and also the Ten Kingdoms Period

宋元明清帝王休

Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, and then dynastic rule stopped.