Does this sentence remain grammatically acceptable?

Both of these are acceptable, though the focus in each is different.

By placing different parts of sentence at the front, you make them more important.

In the first sentence, the focus is on communication and the inability to do it. You could extend this as follows:

We could not communicate through the phone, though we could use it to (do something else).

In the second, the focus is on the phone and its uselessness in the situation. It could be extended thus:

Through the phone, we could not communicate but through the (something else), we could.

This works when written. However, in spoken language, stress and intonation could alter the focus regardless of word order.

As a matter of preference, I would tend toward the first example, simply because it is the natural order of the sentence without clauses being juggled and extra punctuation being added. I would only choose the second if I specifically wanted to alter the focus, as explained above.

Hope that helps.