Why does the SARS-Cov2 coronavirus genome end in aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa (33 a's)?

Not an expert, but some searching on eukaryotic positive-strand RNA viruses seems to show that polyadenylation is not uncommon. For example, Steil, et al., 2010.

This question is quite general, so I'm going to attempt to tie it back to bioinformatics.

Background The tree for the current coronavirus is here, showing it is closely related to bat-coronavirus and in particular SARS.

Question The bioinformatics question for the current coronavirus is why this virus appears to be able to infect humans and transmit to human.

Genome size Firstly, you said that 30kb was large ... this is a standard size for a coronavirus genome, albeit it is unusual in that the family Coronaviridae are the largest genomes for a single stranded RNA virus, for example flaviviruses are 10kb. Thus, all coronaviruses are all approximately 30Kb. Some coronaviruses don't infect humans (zero symptoms), some cause very mild symptoms, others are MERS and SARS with 40-60% and 10% mortality rates, respectively. So, genome size is of little bioinformatics interest in my opinion.

Polyadenylation Polyadenylation and capping (5' methylation) enable the RNA to be trafficked and transcribed by ribosomes and the mechanism is widely used by viruses. Methylation would also prevent the innate immune response from the shredding the vRNA. Koonin and Moss (2010), interpreted a given capping mechanism as being common to the Mononegavirales - a viral Order including measles, mumps, Ebolavirus. Its a big statement, but regardless poly-A and capping are simply mimicking the host mRNA which a lot of viruses use. Poly-A and capping per se are not really interesting.

Evolution and SARS A more detailed examination the evolution of 2019-nCov and its epidemiology in relation to SARS can be found here

Conclusion The bioinformatics question is the genome size wierd - no, its standard for a coronavirus, is the poly-A weird - no its generic amongst lots of viruses as is capping. Is the length of the poly-A excessive (33 As), it looks odd but a human genecist/bioinformaticist needs to answer that ... so is it (potentially) linked with its epidemiology/clinical symptoms?

I don't think 33 poly-As are linked with anything bioinformatically interesting. This is because it will likely vary dramatically between genomes (not simply epidemic vs. non-epidemic strains). I don't know the mechanism for poly-adenylation, but I think slippage is a likely mutation resulting in large variations between individual genomes, particularly for poly-A - which notorious for slippage.

So ultimately could poly-As be linked with the ability of the new coronavirus to infect/transmit and could we therefore explore that bioinformatically? I personally think slippage mutations would prevent a clonal lineage emerging, i.e. that the size of the poly-As is not stable between genomes, but that would assume a given given mechanism of polyadenylation. Thus as a bioinformatics question I wouldn't pursue it, because I don't think there is sufficient biological rationale. I agree weird stuff should be questioned and that bit of the genome jumps out ... but I doubt it would go anywhere.

Slippage The definition of a slippage mutation is here, but basically it means this genome has 33 poly-As, however another isolate from the same epidemic could say have 30 poly-As (just an example), another might have 25 poly-As and so on.

Just my 2 cents

Some of the other answers here seem quite good; at the same time I think the core answer to the OP's question is maybe a bit hard to tease out of them, so I'd like to try to state it more plainly. It's worth noting that a truly complete answer to this question seems to be beyond current research, but any kind of "Why?" is inevitably a hard or even impossible sort of question to answer fully in biology. We have some ideas about it though.

mRNA is used as a template for protein synthesis within a cell. A single mRNA is used repeatedly, but is eventually "used up" and taken apart. In eukaryotes, poly(A) tails are almost always found on mRNAs produced in the nucleus. The poly(A) tail is ultimately shortened during the transcription process, and this shortening contributes to the mRNA being degraded. (See here for more.)

Coronaviruses also have a poly(A) tail, similarly to eukaryote mRNA. The precise mechanical functions of this poly(A) tail and the means of its synthesis are objects of ongoing research, but research has shown that its presence greatly increases the degree to which Coronavirus RNA is replicated by the host cell. Research has also shown that longer tails increase replication compared to shorter tails. It's quite likely that the presence of the tail assists in recruiting the cell's protein synthesis machinery and allows the RNA to last longer within the host cell, just as it does in the cell's own mRNA.

Interestingly, the pattern in which Coronavirus poly(A) tail length is regulated during infection, in which it starts out shorter, gets longer, then gets much shorter, resembles poly(A) tail length regulation of mRNA during eukaryote embryogenesis, suggesting parallels (see the paper in the "longer tails" link for more on this as well). Longer poly(A) tail length is closely tied to greater translational efficiency in that context.

There has been some speculation in the comments as to whether or not the Coronavirus poly(A) tail resembles a NOP sled in computer programming. I think the resemblance is mostly coincidental. NOP sleds are used in exploits because a processor, encountering a NOP, moves to the next instruction without taking any other actions. A long chain of NOPs, if entered by the processor at any point within it, will lead it to the instructions at the "bottom," after the NOPs. This is advantageous to use if you can't get the processor to go exactly where you want but you know it will end up somewhere close by, because it increases your chances of having your payload executed.

It's unusual to see a lengthy NOP sled in legitimate code, to the point that people writing them usually have to disguise their function in order to avoid automatic detection. (see pg. 183 here) In contrast, a poly(A) tail is almost universally found on nuclear eukaryote mRNA (and on some mRNAs of almost all organisms to some capacity, even mitochondria). Furthermore, the functions of the poly(A) tail are complex enough that it's still an object of ongoing research decades after its initial discovery, whereas a NOP sled does one very mechanical thing. Since the environment inside a cell is so different from the environment of a processor interacting with memory, I think it's hard to make comparisons that are so granular as to deal with a specific set of machine instructions, at least in this kind of context—a processor is a very straightforward kind of machine compared to a cell.