Can I install a disc-brake pannier rack on a bike with V-brakes?

In the beginning, almost every disc bike had the caliper mounted on the back of the seatstay. Conventional racks bonk into the caliper in this configuration unless terrible things are done to space them out. To solve this problem, racks with the struts offset out to reach around the caliper were devised, and given names with "Disc" in them. Then, for a variety of reasons, around the time disc brakes reached full ubiquity, almost all bikes of the sort one would consider putting a rack on went to locating the caliper on the chainstay, tucked under the seatstay. This design accommodates normal racks, and that is all you want to use on them, because the "Disc" rack design is forced into the compromise of leveraging the heck out of either the bolt in some designs or the offset wrap-aroundy tabs in others. There are still some new bikes that put the caliper behind the seatstay, but they have become quite uncommon.

So, playing the averages, you should buy a normal rack, and rack manufacturers should accept they need to change the name of these products because they cause so much confusion now. "Disc" racks winding up on bikes they don't need to be on is just not classy, and has some functional drawbacks too.