Is there any way to find out which user has tried to access specific file and got permission denied error

I believe you can configure rules to do what you're asking with auditd(auditctl).

I can't help with it beyond this, because my only experience with it was shutting it off when it was killing my machine due to the excessive logging. But they seem to have solved this problem (at least back then): https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/220250/using-auditd-to-capture-permission-denied-notices

No. A simple failure to open a file is a process-related issue, not a system issue. The process trying to open the file is the only one that knows the open failed.

Since "permission denied" is a valid return status, and happens often, it's not logged.